風水,一般稱為風水術,也叫地相、堪輿之術、,是中國歷史悠久的一門玄術、術數。風水乃五術的一門,其基本構成源自《易經》,分為看門井灶的陽宅相法與看龍穴砂水向的陰宅相法。其主要的流派有三元法、三合法、九星法等。
風水一詞早見於晉朝郭璞:「氣乘風則散,界水則止。古人聚之使不散,行之使有止,故謂之風水。」
堪輿有相地、占卜的意思,其中「堪」意通「勘」有勘察之意;「輿」本指車箱,有負載之意,引喻為疆土與地道。中國古人認為,堪為天道,輿為地道,堪輿為天地之道,其地位很高。堪輿為體,風水為用。
歷史
風水的歷史相當久遠,在古代,風水盛行於中華文化圈,是衣食住行的一個很重要的因素。有許多與風水相關的文獻被保留下來。由文獻中可知,古代的風水多用來觀看喪葬地形、村落選址、還有宮殿建設等。近代的風水則不限於此,大至高樓動土,小至小民搬家,都有可能請風水師前來堪輿。
篤公劉,既溥既長。既景乃岡,相其陰陽,觀其流泉。其軍三單,度其隰原。徹田為糧,度其夕陽。豳居允荒。
這是《詩經》里的一章,說的是周人的先祖公劉相土嘗水,觀察山川的陰陽向背,選擇居外營建住房,和軍民一起治理田地,種植莊稼。山坡上建築櫛次鄰枇,田野豐收在望,好一派悠哉悠哉的田園風光。
這說明至少在周代就有了相土嘗水之術。在漢代形成了初步的風水理論,在唐宋時逐步趨於成熟,明清時日臻完善。
發展到現代社會中,風水術的運用主要已成為一種商業行為。據說,風水術如今在國外也很有市場,成為一種開業謀利的職業。這與人們內心的趨利避害的「求吉」心理有關,而今更演變為一種流行的做法。而實質上,古代的風水術早已失傳,現今所謂的風水與古代風水術在內容上已有很大差別。風水作為一個研究對象,從民俗學及建築學的角度均有研究的價值。
理論背景
風水的理論主要建基於中國傳統的天地陰陽玄學系統。風水作為中國玄學系統的一部份,在其漫長的歷史活動中,亦深受社會諸學問、諸因素的影響。影響風水理論形成的主要因素是易(即易經、以周易為主體,這是我國最早的充滿哲學思想的偉大著作,儒家經典著作),儒(主張天不變,地不變,道也不變)、道(主張形神合一,以神守形,以形養神)、釋(主張因果報應和輪迴思想)、巫(主張神靈對人運的影響)、占星(主張星宿對人的影響),風水的產生早於周易的產生,易的發展促進了風水的發展。
天地生萬物,即人和一切生命體均是天地交互作用的產物。「太極生兩儀,兩儀生四象,四象生八卦,八卦重疊成六十四卦」。太極即原始狀態,兩儀即天地,四象即太陽,太陰、少陽、少陰,八卦即八個方位,這是樸素的哲理,即宇宙萬事萬物,信息同源,程序相同,節奏相應。即宇宙統一場。這就是天地人合一。
簡單來說,風水理論主要是以玄學的陰陽消長理論,配合天(宇宙、太陽等)與地(地球、地理環境)及人(人之居所、所卜葬之地)與時(天地之元運盛衰、萬物之生老病死),探討各種克應,祈求最後達致最理想效果的一門玄學術數。
探討範疇
主要分為陽宅風水及陰宅風水:
陽宅風水以生人居住所或辦公廳舍為目標的風水選擇,除了房舍之外,需一併留意的選擇要件包括屋外街道與排水、門位、屋內動線、神位擺放、廚灶位置、辦公座位等等。
陰宅風水以去世親人埋葬地點為目標的風水選擇,一般選擇要件包括山脈走向(來龍)、水流向、穴位、埋棺深淺等等。
流派
雖然中國風水的理論核心是「天地人合一」、「五行相生相剋」、「陰陽平衡」,但中國風水在漫長的歲月中也形成許多派別,傳至後世分為兩大派理論,彼此並不相悖。
一是形勢派(又稱巒頭派):著眼於山川形勝和建築外部自然環境的選擇,主要操作方法是「相土嘗水法」和「山環水抱法」。其理論是「負陰抱陽」、「山環水抱必有氣」,「覓龍、察砂、點穴、觀水、取向」地理五科。主張建房或選房要「背山、向陽、面水、案山好」;
一是理氣派:注重於建築的方位朝向和布居,理氣派主要理論來自易經與天文學,「陰陽、五行、干支、八卦、九宮等相生相剋」。主要操作方法是「九宮八卦法」和「十二地支法」。其中九宮八卦派的一個分支──飛星法,運用三元九運,將天地,人,時空聯繫起來,運用時空合一的「風水羅盤」為建宅選房。房屋以起造或遷入年立命;另外一個分支──六法派,則是運用二元八運,隨運論斷。這兩派都是依照元運,選擇房屋最佳定位以及屋內動線。理氣派主張「人因宅而立,宅因人而存,人宅相扶,感應天地」。形法、理法、日法、符鎮法是確定城市選址,建房,裝潢的基本方法。
理氣派因理論分歧,傳至唐宋之後逐漸分為數個派別,如:三合派、九星派、玄空三元派等等。
歷史上有名的風水家都是同時精通形勢與理氣兩派理論,並融會貫通使用。
用語
風水中最為知名的成語為子山午向、背山望水、左青龍,右白虎,前朱雀,後玄武等,其他用語則有路沖煞、穿心煞、斷樑煞、龍脈等等。
爭議
有人認為風水不是一門學科,是一門中國學問。其基礎來自於陰陽、五行學說,關於風水有相當多的評論與爭議,有人認為風水是中國的一門綜合科學,結合了環境,地理,健康等等歷史悠久的觀察。也有人認為風水是舊世界的迷信,阻礙了中國人的建築設計,室內設計等的發揮創意。
有些支持風水的人也承認,風水不是科學,不可以用科學定義與界定。他們認為,風水是中華文化的組成部分,是中國哲學在環境上的反映與體現,風水是中國人或是華人的環境觀。說風水是「科學」還是「迷信」均是學術霸權的體現。
而反對風水的人則認為,風水只是一種信仰,它聲稱環境的選擇會對命運發生影響,這是一種迷信,其理據與現代科學格格不入。它所持有的預測未來的理據因為沒有科學依據,被認為是一種偽科學。
還有人認為,風水是不是科學的並非重點、只是目前的科技只能印證風水的一小部份、例如節氣、磁北位置、等,其他部份以目前的科技還無法做出測量儀器。
其實不只風水如此、現在的科學還無法解釋許多事物、例如、加拿大的雁、每年旅行數千里、從加拿大飛行近千英哩來加州、過冬、再飛回加拿大.它們沒有飛行儀器、沒有指南針、如何知道飛行的方向?太平洋鮭魚、由北美游到日本海、環游了太平洋、又回到當初出生的小溪、它是如何記憶被生下的位置及路線、現在的科學都還無法解釋.
中國士人對待風水的態度,大體可分為騎牆派、反對派、支持派。
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